Brightwell Aquatics

Magnesium P 300G
• High-purity powdered magnesium blend.

• Provides magnesium, which helps regulate the balance
between calcium and carbonates in aquarium water, and is a
component of aragonite, the mineral secreted by reef-building
organisms to form skeletal material.

• Stronger and more economical than liquid magnesium
solutions; created for hobbyists maintaining multiple reef
aquaria.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Magnesium plays a vital role in reef aquaria: it helps maintain calcium and carbonate (composing the majority of measurable alkalinity) concentrations by limiting unwanted inorganic precipitation with each other. In the absence of adequate magnesium ions, calcium and carbonate ions bond rapidly, depleting their concentrations in the system and creating the false impression that heavier supplementation is required to re-establish the desired concentrations. No matter how much calcium is added, its natural seawater concentration of 412 ppm will never be sustained until the magnesium concentration begins to approach 1,290 ppm. Once the balance between calcium and magnesium has been established, subsequent calcium supplementation yields immediate positive results. Keeping magnesium within a range of 1,290-1,320 ppm will maintain the desired balance, and provides enough of the element to reef-building organisms for the formation of aragonite (~0.10% Mg by weight).

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic: Dissolve 2.5 grams (~½ teaspoon) of product per 20 US-gallons of aquarium water in 8-fl. oz. of fresh water; add every other day or as needed to maintain the magnesium concentration within a range of 1,290 - 1,320 ppm. When used in this fashion, 1,200 g treats up to 9,600 US-gallons (36,340 L).
Advanced: Create a stock solution by dissolving 20 grams (~4 teaspoons) of Magnesion-P in 8-fl. oz. of fresh water (preferably purified); each ml of the solution will increase magnesium concentration (”[Mg2+]”) in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 6.0 ppm. [Reference: Each g of Magnesion-P will increase the [Mg2+] in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 114.4 ppm.] If initial [Mg2+] in the aquarium is below 1,288 ppm, add stock sol’n at maximum rate of 10 ml per 20 US-gallons daily until desired [Mg2+] is attained, then dose daily or weekly as needed (see below). Maintain [Mg2+] within a range of +/-10 ppm. Once desired [Mg2+] has been acquired, measure aquarium's [Mg2+] at the same time each day over a one- to two-week period to determine the daily rate of magnesium uptake (i.e. the decrease in magnesium). To determine daily dosing rate (preferable to weekly dosing): estimate volume of water in entire aquarium system (US-gal.); divide the daily decrease in [Mg2+] by 6.0; multiply this number by volume of water in system to obtain daily ml of stock sol’n required to maintain stable [Mg2+].

Caution: Keep out of reach of children. Not for human consumption.

Guaranteed Analysis (by weight)
Magnesium (min) 43% (430,000 ppm)
Ingredients
Magnesium sulfate (anhydrous), Magnesium chloride (anhydrous)
Price: £10.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Awaiting delivery.
People who bought this item also bought:

1. Seachem Reef Advantage Strontium 300g

Kalk +2 100g
• Contains calcium, strontium, and magnesium in the same ionic
ratios found in aragonite. This unique feature increases the
usefulness of Kalk+2 to reef-building invertebrates such as corals, clams, calcareous algae, etc.

• Provides temporary alkalinity and helps maintain pH within the
desired range when used as directed.

• Adds no conservative elements, such as chloride, to the
aquarium.

• Improves upon the industry-standard powdered calcium
supplement over the past three decades.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Calcium, magnesium, and strontium are required for the formation of aragonite, the skeletal material of reef-building invertebrates such as corals, clams, tube worms, and their respective allies. Brightwell Aquatics Kalk+2 provides these elements and may also be used to help regulate pH in reef aquaria. Kalk+2 does not contain chloride salts, which is a strong point for some hobbyists. The use of kalkwasser-type products remains very popular with many seasoned hobbyists, regardless of innovations in calcium-delivery methods.

Instructions and Guidelines
Kalk+2 is intended for use by experienced hobbyists who are familiar with kalkwasser (calcium hydroxide-based) products. The calcium concentration (”[Ca2+]”) and pH in the aquarium should be determined by using an accurate test kit prior to supplementing. Do not add this product directly to an aquarium without diluting in water as directed, and do not overdose; it must be added in a controlled fashion with a dosing device. Create a stock solution by dissolving 6 grams (~1 tsp) of Kalk+2 in 1 US-gallon of fresh water (preferably purified) and allowing at least one hour for any settling to occur; each ml of the saturated sol’n will increase the [Ca2+] in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 2.3 ppm, strontium concentration by 0.04 ppm, and magnesium concentration by 0.06 ppm. This solution must then be dosed/dripped into the aquarium at such a rate that salinity does not fall below 1.021 g/cm3 and pH does not increase by more than 0.1 every hour, nor is it ever allowed to exceed a value of 8.5. Dosing at night when pH in a reef aquarium is naturally depressed is often performed to avoid exceeding the maximum allowable pH value. If the [Ca2+] in an aquarium is gradually dropping despite using this product as directed, the rate of evaporation may be insufficient or pH may be too high to dose sufficient calcium to compensate for the rate of removal by reef-building aquarium inhabitants and/or undesirable chemical reactions. In this case, a secondary calcium supplement may be needed to occasionally re-establish the natural seawater concentration of calcium in the aquarium.

Caution: Calcium hydroxide is a caustic material; if inhaled, remove to fresh air, and in case of contact flush skin and/or eyes with fresh water for 15 minutes. Drink 16-oz. fruit juice if swallowed and seek immediate medical attention. Keep out of reach of children. Not for human consumption.
Price: £7.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Kalk +2 225g
• Contains calcium, strontium, and magnesium in the same ionic
ratios found in aragonite. This unique feature increases the
usefulness of Kalk+2 to reef-building invertebrates such as corals, clams, calcareous algae, etc.

• Provides temporary alkalinity and helps maintain pH within the
desired range when used as directed.

• Adds no conservative elements, such as chloride, to the
aquarium.

• Improves upon the industry-standard powdered calcium
supplement over the past three decades.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Calcium, magnesium, and strontium are required for the formation of aragonite, the skeletal material of reef-building invertebrates such as corals, clams, tube worms, and their respective allies. Brightwell Aquatics Kalk+2 provides these elements and may also be used to help regulate pH in reef aquaria. Kalk+2 does not contain chloride salts, which is a strong point for some hobbyists. The use of kalkwasser-type products remains very popular with many seasoned hobbyists, regardless of innovations in calcium-delivery methods.

Instructions and Guidelines
Kalk+2 is intended for use by experienced hobbyists who are familiar with kalkwasser (calcium hydroxide-based) products. The calcium concentration (”[Ca2+]”) and pH in the aquarium should be determined by using an accurate test kit prior to supplementing. Do not add this product directly to an aquarium without diluting in water as directed, and do not overdose; it must be added in a controlled fashion with a dosing device. Create a stock solution by dissolving 6 grams (~1 tsp) of Kalk+2 in 1 US-gallon of fresh water (preferably purified) and allowing at least one hour for any settling to occur; each ml of the saturated sol’n will increase the [Ca2+] in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 2.3 ppm, strontium concentration by 0.04 ppm, and magnesium concentration by 0.06 ppm. This solution must then be dosed/dripped into the aquarium at such a rate that salinity does not fall below 1.021 g/cm3 and pH does not increase by more than 0.1 every hour, nor is it ever allowed to exceed a value of 8.5. Dosing at night when pH in a reef aquarium is naturally depressed is often performed to avoid exceeding the maximum allowable pH value. If the [Ca2+] in an aquarium is gradually dropping despite using this product as directed, the rate of evaporation may be insufficient or pH may be too high to dose sufficient calcium to compensate for the rate of removal by reef-building aquarium inhabitants and/or undesirable chemical reactions. In this case, a secondary calcium supplement may be needed to occasionally re-establish the natural seawater concentration of calcium in the aquarium.

Caution: Calcium hydroxide is a caustic material; if inhaled, remove to fresh air, and in case of contact flush skin and/or eyes with fresh water for 15 minutes. Drink 16-oz. fruit juice if swallowed and seek immediate medical attention. Keep out of reach of children. Not for human consumption.
Price: £13.98 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Awaiting delivery.
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1. Ocean Nutrition Formula 2 Flake 70g

2. 1/4 Inch Push Fit Ball Valve

3. Ocean Nutrition Formula One Marine Pellet 200g Medium Pellet

Alkalin P 8.3 KH Buffer 250g
• Highly-effective alkalinity-increasing (”buffer”) powdered
blend.

• Helps increase pH stability in an aquarium by raising the
alkalinity; continued addition raises pH until 8.3 is reached, at
which point the pH remains unchanged and the alkalinity
alone increases.

• Provides a source of carbonates, which make up the majority
by weight of aragonite, the mineral secreted by reef-building
organisms as skeletal material.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Determine alkalinity in aquarium with an accurate test kit prior to supplementing. Do not add this product directly to an aquarium without first diluting in water as directed.

Technical Background
Alkalinity, also referred to as carbonate hardness or buffering capacity, is essentially a means of quantifying the stability of pH in a solution, such as aquarium water. In an aquarium, weak acids formed by oxygen respiration and the decomposition of organic material gradually deplete alkalinity. If left unchecked, the alkalinity drops below a critical level and pH begins to fluctuate more wildly than is normally suggested (a daily pH shift of +/-0.2 is normal in marine aquaria), causing stress to livestock. Alkalinity is also depleted by reef-building organisms during the production of aragonite (~60% carbonates by weight), and is therefore very important for their rapid growth. Maintaining the alkalinity in marine aquaria between 7 - 12 dKH (2.5 - 4.3 meq/L) will generally maintain pH within the desired range.

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic : Dissolve 2 grams (~½ teaspoon) of product per 20 US-gallons of aquarium water in 8-fl. oz. of fresh water; add every other day or as needed to maintain the alkalinity within a range of 7 - 12 dKH. When used in this fashion, 1,000 g treats up to 10,000 US-gallons (37,854 L).
Advanced: Create a stock solution by dissolving 20 grams (~5 teaspoons) of Alkalin8.3-P in 8-fl. oz. of fresh water (preferably purified); each ml of the solution will increase the alkalinity in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 0.36 dKH (0.13 meq/L). [Reference: Each g of Alkalin8.3-P will increase the alkalinity in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 6.8 dKH (2.5 meq/L).] If initial alkalinity in the aquarium is below 7 dKH (2.5 meq/L), add the stock sol’n at the maximum rate of 10 ml per 20 US-gallons daily until desired alkalinity is attained, then dose daily or weekly as needed (see below). Maintain the alkalinity within a range of +/-1 dKH. Once the desired alkalinity has been acquired, measure the alkalinity at the same time each day over a one- to two-week period to determine required dosing rate. To determine the daily dosing rate (preferable to weekly dosing): estimate the volume of water in the entire aquarium system; divide the daily decrease in alkalinity by 0.36 when measuring dKH or by 0.13 when measuring meq/L; multiply this number by the volume of water (gallons) in the system to get the daily ml of stock sol’n required to maintain stable alkalinity.

Caution: Contains carbonate and bicarbonate salts; harmful if swallowed. If swallowed: give water, get medical attention. May cause eye or skin irritation. If in eyes, flush with water for 15 minutes, get medical attention. If on skin, wash thoroughly with water. Keep out of reach of children. Not for human
consumption.
Price: £11.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Phosphat R 250ml

• Next-generation regenerable phosphate adsorption resin
effective in marine aquaria; will also remove silicates.

• Far more effective than activated alumina and granular ferric
products.

• Will not negatively impact water quality nor release phosphate
or silicate once exhausted; will not break up or disintegrate like ferric medias, and contains no aluminum to dissolve in aquaria and harm inhabitants.

• Synthetic polymer resin beads provide for durability and
excellent flow characteristics; may be employed in fluiduzed-bed, canister, or passive filtration.

• Regenerable up to five times, dramatically increasing cost
effectiveness.

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic : Prior to first use, rinse resin under a stream of purified water. For initial application on aquarium, use 1 ml of Phospha-tR per 1 US-gallon of water in system and monitor phosphate concentration during usage. Subsequent application of resin may be at the rate of 2 ml per 1 US-gallon.
Advanced: Prior to first use, rinse resin under a stream of purified water. To a point, effectiveness of resin is directly related to the reaction time it has with aquarium water; the longer the reaction time, the more effectively it will remove phosphate and silicate. Once phosphate concentration (”[PO43-]”) has not changed for a period of 4 - 6 hours, remove and regenerate resin, then reapply if necessary. In all cases, the use of a mechanical pre-filter to remove particulate organic material from water prior to its interaction with this media will prolong effectiveness. Fluidized-bed filtration (recommended): follow instructions of filter manufacturer for optimal volume of media to use in reaction chamber; start at a low flow rate and adjust to keep media in a steady “boil” within lower 2/3 of chamber; flow rate should not be such that resin is ejected into aquarium. Canister filtration: Load resin into filter cartridge as directed by filter manufacturer; leave resin in place until [PO43-] reaches desired level or remains unchanged, as directed above. Slowing the flow of water through the filter may be required to obtain maximum effectiveness of resin. Passive filtration: Place resin loosely in a 150µm mesh filter bag and locate in an area of low- to medium-flow. Turning bag over once during usage will serve to shift the resin beads and increases effectivness of this method.
Regenerate Phospha-tR with Brightwell Aquatics Regenera-tPHOR
Price: £36.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Regenerat 1200g
• Regenerates up to 1,500 ml total of Brightwell Aquatics
Phospha-tR regenerable phosphate-adsorption resin.

• Regenerates:
175 ml size 8 times
250 ml size 6 times
500 ml size 3 times

Instructions and Guidelines
Regeneration must be performed in a vessel outside of the aquarium; failure to follow this guideline will result in changes to aquarium water chemistry that can be extremely harmful, if not fatal, to aquarium inhabitants. The solution that is made by following the instructions below has a relatively high pH and should be handled carefully. It is strongly recommended that protective eyewear and rubber gloves be worn as a precautionary measure.
For each 250 ml of resin to be regenerated: In a clean 1-gallon bucket or pail, thoroughly mix 200 g (~¾ cup) Regenera-tPHOR with ½ gallon hot tapwater. Regeneration efficiency is directly related to reaction time between the resultant solution and the Phospha-tR resin. The ideal set-up for regeneration is to place resin inside a mesh bag (if not already in one) and place the bag inside the mouth of a large funnel; funnel size must be large enough to contain entire bag and contents. Alternately, an empty ½ gallon LDPE plastic milk jug can be used by cutting off the bottom, placing a small hole in the cap, screwing the cap on tightly, turning the jug upside down, and placing the bag of resin inside the large opening. Next, slowly pour the Regenera-tPHOR solution through the resin; the size of the hole through which the solution drains will help regulate the time of reaction with the resin (smaller is better). The solution should be discarded once it has been passed through the resin. Then, repeat the basic steps, substituting twice the volume of purified water for the Regenera-tPHOR solution used, discarding the water once this step is completed. The Phospha-tR resin must be thoroughly rinsed with purified water before resuming use in an aquarium. Once the Phospha-tR resin has been rinsed, it is once again ready for use in an aquarium system as instructed on the Phospha-tR label.

Notes:
• Phospha-tR phosphate-adsorption capability will decrease with
each use; once the resin has been regenerated five times, it is
essentially exhausted and should be replaced.
• Do not replace Phospha-tR resin inside aquarium system following regeneration until it has been rinsed according to instuctions above; failure to do so may impact the pH of the aquarium and cause severe stress to inhabitants.
• Regeneration potential is not increased by recirculating the
same solution through the resin for an extended period of time;
it is, however, increased if doubling the volume of solution used
(e.g., employing 1 gallon of solution rather than ½ gallon for
every 250 ml of resin to be regenerated; in this case, simply
prepare 1 gallon of solution according to the instructions above).

Caution: Contains carbonate salts; harmful if swallowed. If swallowed: give water, get medical attention. May cause eye or skin irritation. If in eyes, flush with water for 15 minutes, get medical attention. If on skin, wash thoroughly with water. Keep out of reach of children. Not for human consumption.

Ingredients
Inorganic salts of carbonate and chloride
Price: £13.49 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Zooplankton S 500ml

• Provides zooplankton and fully-digestible, unhatched eggs ranging in size from 50 - 300µm.

• Ideally-sized for many stony corals, clams, sponges, tunicates, tube worms, larval crustaceans, juvenile fishes, and adult planktivorous and microinvertebrate-predatory fishes.

• Formulated to provide over four-thousand prey per ml.

• Does not require refrigeration.

• Supplemented with a proprietary amino acid to aid incoloration of invertebrates and fishes.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Brightwell Aquatics Zooplankto-s-S is a concentrated suspension of phytoplankton-enriched, adult Brachionus sp. (rotifers), their eggs, and the eggs of another group of crustaceans; the result is a food source rich in amino acids, fatty acids including omega-3 HUFAs, vitamins, minerals, and carotenoid pigments giving them a natural, bright yellow appearance. These prey items fall within the microplankton (20.0 - 200.0µm) and mesoplankton (200.0 - 2,000.0µm) classes of plankton. They are the proper size for feeding many species of stony corals (particularly those with short tentacles), as well as clams and other bivalves, sponges, tunicates (sea squirts), plumed worms (Christmas tree worms, feather dusters, etc.), larval crustaceans and bivalves, juvenile fishes, and the adults of planktivorous fishes (such as anthias, basslets, psuedochromids, dartfishes, chromis, etc.) and microinvertebrate-predators (such as mandarinfishes, some gobies, dwarf wrasses, etc.).
Though Zooplankto-s-S provides a number of amino acids, one that is not naturally present has been added; this proprietary amino acid has been shown in studies to increase coloration of corals and other marine invertebrates. Additionally, a small percentage of vitamin-C is present to increase the benefits of Zooplankto-s-S, particularly to corals and their allies that have recently undergone fragmenting or propagation.
Zooplankto-s-S may be used in conjunction with other planktonic suspensions to provide a complete range of sizes to filter-feeding and planktivorous organisms.
Zooplankto-s-S does not require refrigeration, however storage in a cool, shaded area will prolong the activity of the vitamins. Refrigeration will maximize the shelf-life of the product.

Instructions and Guidelines
Shake product well before using. Turn protein skimmer and other forms of mechanical filtration off prior to adding food suspensions to aquaria, and allow 10 - 15 minutes after feeding before resuming operation of filtration.
Target Feeding (recommended): Target feeding may be carried out with a lengthy piece of rigid air tubing, plastic syringe, pipette, dropper, or similar device; pour 5 ml (1 capful) into a small container and suck a portion of this into the feeding device, then slowly discharge the contents of the device 2 - 4” upstream of the target organism(s). Repeat these steps as deemed necessary. Rinse the portion (inside and outside) of the feeder that was placed into aquarium water before placing it into this bottle (if feeding directly from the bottle rather than from a separate container); failure to do so will contaminate the product and encourage it to decompose.
Broadcast Feeding: Add up to 5 ml per 50 gallons of water in the entire aquarium system in an area of rapid water movement daily for the first four weeks of use; thereafter, the dosage may be increased as desired.
Notes: Add no more than 5 ml total of liquid food suspensions per 50 gallons of water in the entire aquarium system daily for the first four weeks of use; thereafter, the dosage may be gradually increased as desired. Starting out at a low dosage and gradually increasing it with time will allow the biological filtration in the aquarium to adjust to the increase in nutrients and prevent water quality from deteriorating.
Planktonic food suspensions (such as this one) are best utilized by target feeding specific invertebrates in an aquarium; in doing so, the majority of the food may be consumed by the intended organisms rather than ending up in filtration media or indirectly impacting water quality (as often occurs when indescriminately “broadcast feeding” by adding liquid food suspensions to a stream of water and allowing the contents to disperse randomly throughout the aquarium system).
Price: £17.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Awaiting delivery.
People who bought this item also bought:

1. Seachem Reef Builder 300g

2. Seachem Reef Calcium 250ml

3. Seachem Reef Aquarium Salt 200 litre bag

Phytogreen S 500ml

• Provides phytoplankton ranging in size from 1 - 2µm.

• Ideally-sized for many soft corals, clams, sponges, tunicates, tube worms, and larval invertebrates.

• Formulated to provide over 1-billion phytoplanktoncells per ml.

• Does not require refrigeration.

• Supplemented with a proprietary amino acid to aid incoloration of invertebrates.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Brightwell Aquatics Phyto-Green-S is a concentrated suspension of Nannochloropsis sp., a unicellular marine algae ranging in size from 1 - 2µm and having a relatively high fatty acid content compared to many other species of phytoplankton; it is particularly rich in the omega-3 fatty acid EPA, as well as in several important amino acids. Nannochlorposis falls within the size class of plankton known as picoplankton (0.2 - 2.0µm), which is sometimes considered microplankton. It is the proper size for feeding many species of soft corals (particularly those with short tentacles), as well as clams and other bivalves, sponges, tunicates (sea squirts), plumed worms (Christmas tree worms, feather dusters, etc.), and larval invertebrates such as those of many bivalves.
Though Nannochloropsis provides a number of amino acids, one that is not naturally present has been added to Phyto-Green-S; this proprietary amino acid has been shown in studies to increase coloration of corals and other marine invertebrates. Additionally, a small percentage of vitamin-C is present to increase the benefits of Phyto-Green-S, particularly to corals and their allies that have recently undergone fragmenting or propagation.
Phyto-Green-S may be used in conjunction with other planktonic suspensions to provide a complete range of sizes to filter-feeding and planktivorous organisms.
Phyto-Green-S does not require refrigeration, however storage in a cool, shaded area will prolong the activity of the vitamins. Refrigeration will maximize the shelf-life of the product.

Instructions and Guidelines
Shake product well before using. Turn protein skimmer and other forms of mechanical filtration off prior to adding food suspensions to aquaria, and allow 10 - 15 minutes after feeding before resuming operation of filtration.
Target Feeding (recommended): Target feeding may be carried out with a lengthy piece of rigid air tubing, plastic syringe, pipette, dropper, or similar device; pour 5 ml (1 capful) into a small container and suck a portion of this into the feeding device, then slowly discharge the contents of the device 2 - 4” upstream of the target organism(s). Repeat these steps as deemed necessary. Rinse the portion (inside and outside) of the feeder that was placed into aquarium water before placing it into this bottle (if feeding directly from the bottle rather than from a separate container); failure to do so will contaminate the product and encourage it to decompose.
Broadcast Feeding: Add up to 5 ml per 50 gallons of water in the entire aquarium system in an area of rapid water movement daily for the first four weeks of use; thereafter, the dosage may be increased as desired.
Notes: Add no more than 5 ml total of liquid food suspensions per 50 gallons of water in the entire aquarium system daily for the first four weeks of use; thereafter, the dosage may be gradually increased as desired. Starting out at a low dosage and gradually increasing it with time will allow the biological filtration in the aquarium to adjust to the increase in nutrients and prevent water quality from deteriorating.
Planktonic food suspensions (such as this one) are best utilized by target feeding specific invertebrates in an aquarium; in doing so, the majority of the food may be consumed by the intended organisms rather than ending up in filtration media or indirectly impacting water quality (as often occurs when indescriminately “broadcast feeding” by adding liquid food suspensions to a stream of water and allowing the contents to disperse randomly throughout the aquarium system).
Price: £17.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Vitamarin M 500ml

• Full-spectrum vitamin supplement formulated to benefit marine fishes, corals and other invertebrates, and other marine aquarium inhabitants.

• Provides a full-complement of vitamins in the same ratios found in the tissues of filter-feeding marine invertebrates, organisms that extract plankton fromthe surrounding water and gain their nutritional benefit, and which are in turn consumed by many reef inhabitants.

• Requires no refrigeration.

• Composed of purified water and ultra-high purity materials.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Vitamins are compounds required in minute concentrations for vital metabolic reactions; the amounts of vitamins required for a given species varies. Short-term vitamin deficiencies can typically be tolerated by most organisms, however long-term deficiencies tend to result in abnormalities, poor health, and eventually even death of the specimen. Conversely, if severely overdosed, ingested vitamins can have a negative impact on a specimen by way of toxicity, though the impact is unlikely to be permanent. Decreasing the vitamin dosage typically results in full recovery of the affected specimen. For these reasons, it is recommended that Vi-tamarin-M be utilized either as a means of delivering vitamins to aquarium inhabitants through food or by direct addition to the water, but not both.
All Brightwell Aquatics liquid water care supplements are made with purified water and high purity materials. We develop formulae for aquaria based on empirical data, using observation and measurement rather than theory.
Vi-tamarin-M does not require refrigeration, however storage in a cool, shaded area will prolong the activity of the vitamins. Refrigeration will maximize the shelf-life of the product.

Instructions and Guidelines
If using to fortify food (recommended): Place food in a clean container such as a small bowl or cup and add only enough Vi-tamarin-M to saturate. Allow at least 5 minutes to elapse before feeding, enabling adequate time for the vitamins to become thoroughly absorbed by the food. Liquid food suspensions may be fortified by adding 1 ml (approximately 8 drops) Vi-tamarin-M per 10 ml of food suspension; stir to mix and allow 5 minutes to elapse before feeding. Maximum benefit of any liquid food suspension is achieved when the food is target-fed to the intended organisms rather than poured into a stream of water and allowed to disperse randomly throughout the aquarium.
If adding directly to aquarium water: Begin by adding 2 ml (approximately 16 drops) of Vi-tamarin-M per 20 US-gallons of water weekly for the first four weeks of use; this corresponds to adding approximately 2 drops per 20 US-gallons each day. Then, gradually increase the weekly dosage to 4 ml per 20 US-gallons over the following four weeks and maintain this dosage. [Note: if using Vi-tamarin-M in conjunction with Brightwell Aquatics Ko-ralle-VM, decrease dosages by 50%.] Starting at a low dosage will not cause any harm to the livestock, and will enable you to notice subtle changes in the appearance of the system that indicate the effectiveness and need for the product.
Price: £28.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Restor 500ml
• Encourages health, growth, reproduction, and vibrant coloration.

• Provides important nutrients to corals and their allies during periods of stress induced by changes in lighting and/or prolonged exposure to excessive water temperature (often resulting in “bleaching”).

• Aids in tissue repair after corals have undergone fragmenting and captive propagation.

• Does not require refrigeration.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Brightwell Aquatics Resto-r is a complex of amino acids and fatty acids derived from marine fishes and crustaceans; it is a strong source of EPA, DHA, and other omega-3 fatty acids, as well as naturally-occuring pigments. Resto-r was specifically formulated for the care of corals and their allies that: have been recently placed into a new aquarium and are adjusting to new lighting; have recently been exposed to prolonged elevated temperatures (inducing expulsion of symbiotic zooxanthellae, known as “bleaching”); have suffered tissue damage either through fragmenting or propagation, or through the unwanted grazing activities of aquarium inhabitants. Research has shown that during bleaching events, some corals obtain the majority of their nutrients through capture of prey rather than by relying on zooxanthellae, until such time as the zooxanthellae have become adjusted to the change in lighting or re-established in the coral tissue. While the contents of Resto-r will not directly reverse coral bleaching, they will effectively provide nutrients required by the coral to potentially survive the period of time during which zooxanthellae are recovering or being reacquired; no express claims are made that corals who have suffered bleaching will recover when using this product, however it has generally been observed that corals obtaining the required nutrition (by actively feeding) during such an event have a higher rate of recovery. Using Resto-r to fortify plankton of the proper size range for the target organism(s) is an extremely effective means of providing those important substances.
Resto-r does not require refrigeration, however storage in a cool, shaded area will prolong the activity of the vitamins. Refrigeration will maximize the shelf-life of the product.

Instructions and Guidelines
Shake product well before using. Turn protein skimmer and other forms of mechanical filtration off prior to adding foods fortified with Resto-r to aquaria, and allow 10 - 15 minutes after feeding before resuming operation of filtration.
Target Feeding (recommended): Target feeding may be carried out with a lengthy piece of rigid air tubing, plastic syringe, pipette, dropper, or similar device; pour 5 ml (1 capful) into a small container and suck a portion of this into the feeding device, then slowly discharge the contents of the device 2 - 4” upstream of the target organism(s). Repeat these steps as deemed necessary. Rinse the portion (inside and outside) of the feeder that was placed into aquarium water before placing it into this bottle (if feeding directly from the bottle rather than from a separate container); failure to do so will contaminate the product and encourage it to decompose. Resto-r may be utilized as a food-soak; to do so, place food into a clean container, add up to 5 ml of Resto-r and allow 5 - 10 minutes for food to soak; target feed as directed.
Broadcast Dispersal: Add up to 5 ml per 50 gallons of water in the entire aquarium system in an area of rapid water movement every two to three days for the first four weeks of use; thereafter, the dosage may be increased as desired.
Notes: Add no more than 5 ml total of liquid food suspensions per 50 gallons of water in the entire aquarium system daily for the first four weeks of use; thereafter, the dosage may be gradually increased as desired. Starting out at a low dosage and gradually increasing it with time will allow the biological filtration in the aquarium to adjust to the increase in nutrients and prevent water quality from deteriorating. This product is best utilized by target feeding specific invertebrates in an aquarium; in doing so, the majority of the complex may be consumed by the intended organisms rather than ending up in filtration media or indirectly impacting water quality (as often occurs when indescriminately “broadcast feeding”).
Price: £16.98 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
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People who bought this item also bought:

1. pH Plus 500ml

Garlic Power 60ml
• Delivers the nutritional benefits of raw garlic to fishes primarily by being applied to their food.

• Consists solely of preserved extract of raw garlic with a small amount of vitamin-C as a preservative.

• Does not require refrigeration.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Brightwell Aquatics Garlic Power consists solely of the preserved extract of raw garlic. Garlic has long been believed by many to have medicinal properties, and clinical research is beginning to support some of the claims that have been made by garlic’s supporters. It was once thought that the active component in garlic was a compound called Allicin, which is formed by the combination of the amino acid Alliin with the enzyme Alliinase that occurs when the garlic is damaged (i.e. cut, processed, bitten, etc.). Research has shown that allicin is unstable and has a very short life, beginning to degrade immediately after formation (a process sped up by exposure to heat; conversely, refrigeration prolongs the life of allicin, though not likely enough to ensure its presence in a garlic extract product); the result of this degradation is a number of compounds called Diallyl Sulphides. These compounds also exhibit beneficial properties, and though not as effective as allicin, their use in medical treatments, and the exact nature of the benefits provided, are the subject of ongoing research.
In aquaria, the use of garlic is often associated with improving the health of fishes, particularly in systems experiencing difficulty with parasites. As noted on the opposite panel, this product is not intended for use as a medication. Garlic has also been shown to motivate newly-added and/or finicky fishes to feed; this is accomplished by soaking food in a small amount of garlic extract for several minutes and then feeding, and the results are often very gratifying. Note that while garlic may increase the palatability of foods, this approach should not be thought of as a means to circumvent avoiding the purchase of fish species known to have poor survival records in captivity due to their dietary requirements (i.e. various species of coralivorous butterflyfishes, spongivorous angelfishes, etc.). Always research the dietary and environmental needs of fishes before purchasing and introducing them into an aquarium.

Instructions and Guidelines
To fortify prepared food (recommended): Shake product well before using. Place food in a clean container such as a small bowl or cup and add only enough Garlic Power to saturate. Allow at least 5 minutes to elapse before feeding, enabling adequate time for the product to become thoroughly absorbed by the food. Liquid food suspensions may be fortified by adding 1.0 ml (approximately 8 drops) Garlic Power per 10 ml of food suspension; stir to mix and allow 5 minutes to elapse before feeding. Maximum benefit of any liquid food suspension is achieved when the food is target-fed to the intended organisms rather than poured into a stream of water and allowed to disperse randomly throughout the aquarium. Over a period of several months, the dosage may be increased by 50% if so desired as long as water quality is monitored and maintained to within the required ranges. Observe water quality carefully at all times, making adjustments as needed.
If adding directly to aquarium: Shake product well before using. Add 5 ml (1 capful) of product per 50 US-gallons of aquarium water every other day, or add ½ that dosage daily. When used in this fashion, 125 ml treats up to 1,250 US-gallons (4,732 L). Observe water quality carefully at all times, making adjustments as needed.
No medicinal claims are made for Garlic Power, however fishes showing signs of ectoparasites may benefit from the addition of garlic to their diet. If ectoparasites are present, Garlic Power may be added to food as recommended and dosed directly into aquarium at ½ the recommended dosage. It is generally recommended that Garlic Power be utilized either as a means of fortifying prepared food or to provide benefit by direct addition to the water, but not both except as noted above.
Price: £22.98 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Awaiting delivery.

Coral Amino 125ml

• Complex of free-form amino acids in the same ratios found within tissues of stony corals.

• Beneficial to all corals (stony and soft), as well as solitary and colonial polyps.

• Free-form amino acids:
1. Provide the building blocks of coral tissue in ideal
ratios to encourage the formation of new tissue.
2. Encourage new tissue growth to repair damage
incurred during fragmentation and propagation.
3. Encourage growth by budding and fission.
4. Encourage vibrant coloration.

• Formulated based upon data compiled by oceanographers researching coral tissue profiles.

• Does not require refrigeration.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Brightwell Aquatics CoralAmino- is a complex that closely approximates ratios of amino acids present in many species of stony corals; the formulation is based upon extensive research conducted on tropical coral reefs by oceanographic researchers. While the ratios of amino acids present in coral tissue vary between species, general ratios are approximately maintained, enabling an effective average to be created that will benefit not only stony corals, but also soft corals, solitary, and colonial polyps (e.g. Xenia, Anthelia, Zoanthus, Discoma, Actinodiscus, etc.). The amino acids are present in their most elementary form (”free-form”) rather than being accounted for by their presence in a food or complex nutrient; in this fashion, they are readily available to corals and their allies. The main benefit of this quality is the ease in which corals can assimilate the amino acids into their tissue for the purpose of growth and tissue repair. Secondary benefits of some amino acids are their role in enhancing the coloration of corals.
Corals maintained under optimal chemical and environmental conditions are able to reproduce (both sexually and asexually) more rapidly when the required nutrients are available. The presence of these free-form amino acids is particularly important to corals that have undergone, or will undergo, fragmenting or other means of propagation in which some amount of tissue is damaged.

Instructions and Guidelines
Shake product well before using. Turn protein skimmer and other forms of mechanical filtration off prior to adding CoralAmino- to aquaria, and allow 10 - 15 minutes after use before resuming operation of filtration.
Target Feeding (recommended): Pour 1 ml (~20 drops) into a small container and suck a portion into feeding device, then slowly discharge contents 2 - 4” upstream of target organism(s). Repeat these steps as deemed necessary. Do not place the glass dropper directly into aquarium water unless you plan to thoroughly rinse it (inside and outside) with fresh water before placing dropper back into bottle; failure to do so will contaminate the product and encourage it to decompose.
Broadcast Feeding: Add up to 1 ml per 50 gallons of water in an area of rapid water movement daily for the first four weeks of use.
Notes: Research indicates that amino acid uptake in corals takes place externally rather than internally; therefore, soaking foods in CoralAmino- would be of little use. Rather, it is best utilized by target feeding specific corals and their allies; in doing so, the majority of the amino acids reach the intended organisms rather than ending up in filtration media or indirectly impacting water quality (as often occurs when indescriminately “broadcast feeding”).
Add no more than 5 ml total of liquid food suspensions per 50 gallons of water in the entire aquarium system daily for the first four weeks of use; thereafter, the dosage may be gradually increased as desired.
Price: £31.98 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Amin Omega 500ml

• Provides marine sources of amino acids and omega-3 and -6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA).

• Increases the nutritional value of foods for marine fishes and invertebrates, particularly for fishes that show signs of head and lateral line erosion.

• May be used to fortify prepared and live foods.

• Contains no shark-derived ingredients.

• Composed of a blend of unique marine fish and crustacean sources of proteins and essential fatty acids, as well as important vitamins.

• Does not require refrigeration.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
AminO-mega is a unique blend of amino acids and omega-3 and -6 HUFAs of marine origin, formulated for enrichment of live and prepared foods. It combines the best features of self-emulsifying liquid concentrate products with amino acids present in proportions found in various species of marine fishes. These substances are used by the body to create and repair tissue. While the use of amino acids and omega-3 and -6 HUFAs is primarily to fortify foods to be consumed by fishes, it has also proven effective in increasing the rate of tissue growth in corals, clams, crustaceans, and their respective allies. Fishes that receive a diet deficient in one or more crucial aspects may develop deterioration of the tissue along the lateral line and around the face. As noted, amino acids and omega-3 and -6 HUFAs have been shown to repair tissue damage caused by deficient diet. AminO-mega is a concentrated product and should not be overdosed or added directly to aquarium water; doing so may cause water quality to deteriorate. For fishes that show signs of tissue damage, such as head and lateral line erosion (HLLE), have patience that AminO-mega is providing the necessary amino and omega acids and allow sufficient time to see results; do not be tempted to overdose, as doing so may cause more harm than good by impacting water quality as mentioned above. No medicinal claims are made for AminO-mega, however amino acids and omega-3 and -6 HUFAs have been consistently observed to positively impact tissue generation.
All Brightwell Aquatics liquid supplements are made with purified water and high purity materials. We develop formulae for aquaria based on empirical data, using observation and measurement rather than theory.
AminO-mega does not require refrigeration, however storage in a cool, shaded area will prolong the stability of the components. Refrigeration will maximize the shelf-life of the product.

Instructions and Guidelines
To fortify prepared food: Shake product well before using. Place food in a clean container such as a small bowl or cup and add only enough AminO-mega to saturate. Allow at least 5 minutes to elapse before feeding, enabling adequate time for the product to become thoroughly absorbed by the food. Liquid food suspensions may be fortified by adding 0.5 ml (approximately 4 drops) AminO-mega per 10 ml of food suspension; stir to mix and allow 5 minutes to elapse before feeding. Maximum benefit of any liquid food suspension is achieved when the food is target-fed to the intended organisms rather than poured into a stream of water and allowed to disperse randomly throughout the aquarium. Over a period of several months, the dosage may be increased by 50% if so desired as long as water quality is monitored and maintained to within the required ranges. Note that starting at a low dosage will not cause any harm to the livestock, and will enable you to notice subtle changes in the appearance of the system that indicate the effectiveness and need for the product. Observe water quality carefully at all times, making adjustments as needed.
To fortify live food: Shake product well before using. Separate the portion of the live food (such as rotifers, daphnia, brine shrimp, etc.) and place them in a clean vessel without water circulation. Add 1 drop AminO-mega per quart of water in the vessel and stir gently to disperse the droplets throughout, then allow 20 - 40 minutes for the organisms to consume the droplets. Next, strain the organisms from the vessel with a fine-mesh net and gently rinse them over a sink with a small amount of fresh water. Feed the organisms immediately to the aquarium inhabitants.
Price: £44.98 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Reef Code B 250ml
• The carbonate-bearing component of a two-part method for dosing calcium and carbonates (the substances largely responsible for increasing alkalinity (”buffering capacity”)) in the same ratio as that found in natural seawater.

• Ionically-balanced with respect to natural seawater concentrations of calcium and carbonates when used in equal amounts with Reef Co-de A.

• Benefits reef-building organisms such as corals, clams, calcareous algae, etc.

• Simplifies calcium and alkalinity maintenance.

• Stronger than most competing products.

• Contains no phosphate, silicate, or organic material.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
This method of calcium and carbonate supplementation is advantageous to hobbyists interested in a simple and effective solution to providing the very elements and molecules required for growth of reef-building organisms such as corals, clams, and their allies. Corals and other reef-building organisms require adequate and stable available calcium and alkalinity if they are to thrive, regardless of how perfect the remainder of their environment is. Under most conditions, the mineral that is secreted as skeletal material is known as Aragonite, composed mostly of carbonate and calcium by weight. Reef-building organisms must extract these substances from the surrounding water in order to secrete new skeletal material for growth. By maintaining the same ratio of calcium ions and carbonates in an aquarium as that found in natural seawater, these organisms have the necessary building blocks available in the proper proportions, even if the hobbyist chooses to maintain higher concentrations of these substances.
For maximum effectiveness of the Reef Co-de method, the magnesium concentration in reef aquaria should be adjusted to, and maintained between, 1,290 - 1,320 ppm before using these products (alone or together) or any other calcium and alkalinity products. Doing so helps prevent unwanted precipitation between calcium and carbonate ions. Additional information on this subject is available on our website and on the label for Brightwell Aquatics Magnesion.
The rate at which calcium and carbonates are extracted from the water is determined by the stocking density of reef-building livestock, type of lighting, and other conditions; therefore, each aquarium will have different requirements for the rate of supplementation. Once the rate of alkalinity depletion in the aquarium has been determined, the proper dosing rate of this product can be easily calculated.

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic: Shake product well before using. Add 5 ml (1 capful) of product per 25 US-gallons of aquarium water every other day or as needed to maintain the alkalinity within a range of 7 - 12 dKH. When used in this fashion, 250 ml treats up to 1,250 US-gallons (4,732 L). When used in equal amounts with Reef Co-de A, the calcium and carbonates being added are in the same ratio found in natural seawater. Do not mix products in the same container; this will cause the active components to precipitate and become ineffective. Allow 60 seconds to pass between dosing with Reef Co-de A and B.
Advanced: Determine the alkalinity in the aquarium using an accurate test kit before supplementing. Shake this product well before each use. Each ml of Brightwell Aquatics Reef Co-de B will increase the alkalinity in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by approximately 2.22 dKH (0.79 meq/L). If the initial alkalinity in the aquarium is below 7 dKH (2.5 meq/L), add this product at the maximum rate of 5 ml per 10 US-gallons daily until the desired alkalinity is attained, then dose daily or weekly as needed (see below). Note that each aquarium has different requirements for calcium and carbonates (which largely constitute Alkalinity or Buffering Capacity, hence pH-stability); therefore, it is not uncommon for unequal amounts of Reef Co-de A and B to be required for obtaining and maintaining the desired calcium concentration and alkalinity. To determine the daily dosing rate for alkalinity maintenance: estimate the volume of water in the entire aquarium system; divide the daily decrease in alkalinity by 2.22 (when measuring alkalinity by dKH; divide by 0.79 when measuring by meq/L); multiply this number by the volume of water in the system to get the daily dosage required (ml) to maintain a stable alkalinity.
Price: £8.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Reef Code A 500ml
• The calcium-bearing component of a two-part method for dosing calcium and carbonates (the substances largely responsible for increasing alkalinity (”buffering capacity”)) in the same ratio as that found in natural seawater.

• Ionically-balanced with respect to natural seawater concentrations of calcium and carbonates when used in equal amounts with Reef Co-de B.

• Benefits reef-building organisms such as corals, clams, calcareous algae, etc.

• Simplifies calcium and alkalinity maintenance.

• Stronger than most competing products.

• Contains no phosphate, silicate, or organic material.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
This method of calcium and carbonate supplementation is advantageous to hobbyists interested in a simple and effective means of providing the very elements and molecules required for growth of reef-building organisms such as corals, clams, and their allies. Corals and other reef-building organisms require adequate and stable available calcium and alkalinity if they are to thrive, regardless of how perfect the remainder of their environment is. Under most conditions, the mineral that is secreted as skeletal material is known as Aragonite, composed mostly of carbonate and calcium by weight. Reef-building organisms must extract these substances from the surrounding water in order to secrete new skeletal material for growth. By maintaining the same ratio of calcium ions and carbonates in an aquarium as that found in natural seawater, these organisms have the necessary building blocks available in the proper proportions, even if the hobbyist chooses to maintain higher concentrations of these substances.
For maximum effectiveness of the Reef Co-de method, the magnesium concentration in reef aquaria should be adjusted to, and maintained between, 1,290 - 1,320 ppm before using these products (alone or together) or any other calcium and alkalinity products. Doing so helps prevent unwanted precipitation between calcium and carbonate ions. Additional information on this subject is available on our website and on the label for Brightwell Aquatics Magnesion.
The rate at which calcium and carbonates are extracted from the water is determined by the stocking density of reef-building livestock, type of lighting, and other conditions; therefore, each aquarium will have different requirements for the rate of supplementation. Once the rate of calcium uptake in the aquarium has been determined, the proper dosing rate of this product can be easily calculated.

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic: Shake product well before using. Add 5 ml (1 capful) of product per 25 US-gallons of aquarium water every other day or as needed to maintain the calcium concentration within a range of 412 - 450 ppm. When used in this fashion, 250 ml treats up to 1,250 US-gallons (4,732 L). When used in equal amounts with Reef Co-de B, the calcium and carbonates being added are in the same ratio found in natural seawater. Do not mix products in the same container; this will cause the active components to precipitate and become ineffective. Allow 60 seconds to pass between dosing Reef Co-de A and B.
Advanced: Determine the calcium concentration in the aquarium using an accurate test kit before supplementing. Shake this product well before each use. Each ml of Brightwell Aquatics Reef Co-de A will increase the concentration of calcium (“[Ca2+]”) in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by approximately 16 ppm. If the initial [Ca2+] in the aquarium is below 412 ppm, add this product at the maximum rate of 5 ml per 10 US-gallons daily until the desired calcium concentration is attained, then dose daily or weekly as needed (see below). Note that each aquarium has different requirements for calcium and carbonates (which largely constitute Alkalinity or Buffering Capacity, hence pH-stability); therefore, it is not uncommon for unequal amounts of Reef Co-de A and B to be required for obtaining and maintaining the desired calcium concentration and alkalinity. To determine the daily dosing rate for calcium maintenance: estimate the volume of water in the entire aquarium system; divide the daily decrease in [Ca2+] by 16; multiply this number by the volume of water in the system to get the daily dosage required (ml) to maintain a stable [Ca2+].
Price: £10.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

pH Plus 500ml
• Increases pH in marine and reef aquaria.

• May be used to help increase pH in aquaria that have adequate alkalinity yet have chronically-depressed pH levels; while not intended to act as a permanent solution to such issues, pH+ may be used as neededuntil the cause of depressed pH is discovered and remedied.

• Stronger than most competing products.

• Composed of purified water and ultra-high purity materials.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
pH is a measurement of the acidity of a solution, such as aquarium water. The pH of natural seawater ranges from approximately 8.2 - 8.4, however maintaining pH in the range of 8.1 - 8.5 on a daily basis has no negative impact on captive marine organisms. To maintain stable pH within the desired range, the alkalinity should be maintained within a range of 7 - 12 dKH (2.5 - 4.3 meq/L). Aquaria with low circulation at the water’s surface, in which a CO2-injected calcium reactor is being employed, or in which a carbonate-deficient sea salt blend has been used, often have depressed pH. pH+ will bring pH in the aquarium back into the desired range. Use as directed and do not exceed a pH value of 8.5, as this pH may be stressful and/or fatal to sensitive aquarium inhabitants. Additionally, changes to pH should be made very gradually, again to avoid stressing aquarium inhabitants. It is not unusual for pH to fluctuate throughout the course of 24-hours between seemingly wide-ranging values (i.e. 8.1 at night to 8.4 during the middle of the day); this is a natural occurrence that is caused by changes in the rates of photosynthesis between dark and light periods. This situation is frequently encountered in aquaria with considerable growth of macroalgae (in the display aquarium or in a refugium). One proven method of minimizing this daily pH-fluctuation is to implement a refugium that is illuminated on an opposite schedule to the lighting for the display aquarium (known as reverse-daylight photosynthesis). In this method, the refugium is illuminated at night when the display aquarium lights are turned off, and vice versa; a 1-hour overlap of having all lights on encourages a smooth transition and little change in pH. The result is that photosynthesis takes place 24-hours a day and keeps pH as stable as can be managed. If pH levels are seen to be constantly below the desired level and alkalinity is within the proper range, increasing the circulation of water near the aquarium surface will often produce positive results; this practice increases the rate of gas exchange and encourages entrained CO2 to exit the aquarium before it has a chance to form the weak acids responsible for low pH and depletion of alkalinity.

Instructions and Guidelines
pH is always lowest a few hours after the main lights have turned off for the evening, and is highest a few hours after lights have been burning during the day. Adjust pH to remain with a range of 8.1 - 8.5 at all times. Before adjusting pH, ensure that the alkalinity in the aquarium is within a range of 7 - 12 dKH (2.5 - 4.3 meq/L). Determine the pH in the aquarium using an accurate test kit or recently-calibrated pH meter before using Brightwell Aquatics pH+. If the alkalinity is below the desired level, adjust this first and then allow 24-hours to elapse before re-testing pH, then add pH+ as directed below. [Alkalinity may be increased by using a buffer-type product according to the directions; again, an accurate test kit (for measuring alkalinity) should be used whenever bringing about a significant change to the alkalinity. Brightwell Aquatics’ Alkalin8.3 and Alkalin8.3-P (powder) are two buffer-type products that may be used for this purpose.]
Add this product at the maximum dosage of 5 ml per 20 US-gallons per 24-hours at the same time each day. pH will generally stabilize within 2 hours following product use, however livestock should not be subjected to a change in pH of more than 0.2 per 24-hour period, so do not overdose pH+. Repeat as needed to attain desired pH value. It is recommended that pH be maintained within a range of +/-0.2 at all times.
Price: £12.98 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

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1. Restor 500ml

Magneseon 500ml
• Highly-concentrated ionic magnesium solution.

• Provides magnesium, which helps regulate the balance between calcium and carbonates in aquarium water, and is a component of aragonite, the mineral secreted by reef-building organisms such as corals, clams, and their allies to form skeletal material.

• Stronger than most competing products.

• Contains no unwanted organic material such as EDTA, gluconate, or polygluconate.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Magnesium plays a vital role in reef aquaria: it helps maintain calcium and carbonate (composing the majority of measurable alkalinity) concentrations by limiting unwanted inorganic precipitation with each other. In the absence of adequate magnesium ions, calcium and carbonate ions bond rapidly, depleting their concentrations in the system and creating the false impression that heavier supplementation is required to re-establish the desired concentrations. No matter how much calcium is added, its natural seawater concentration of 412 ppm will never be sustained until the magnesium concentration begins to approach 1,290 ppm. Once the balance between calcium and magnesium has been established, subsequent calcium supplementation yields immediate positive results. Keeping magnesium within a range of 1,290-1,320 ppm will maintain the desired balance, and provides enough of the element to reef-building organisms for the formation of aragonite (~0.10% Mg by weight).
The rate at which magnesium is extracted from the water is determined by the stocking density of reef-building livestock, type of lighting, and other conditions; therefore, each aquarium will have different requirements for the rate of magnesium supplementation. Once the rate of magnesium uptake in the aquarium has been determined, the proper dosing rate of this product can be easily calculated. It is recommended that a quality salt mix with the proper (not augmented) alkalinity and concentrations of major, minor, and trace elements be used to establish natural seawater parameters in the reef aquarium, providing a stable ionic foundation on which to build.
All Brightwell Aquatics liquid water care supplements are made with purified water and high purity materials. We develop formulae for aquaria based on empirical data, using observation and measurement rather than theory.

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic: Shake product well before using. Add 5 ml (1 capful) of product per 20 US-gallons of aquarium water every other day or as needed to maintain the magnesium concentration within a range of 1,290 - 1,320 ppm. When used in this fashion, 250 ml treats up to 1,000 US-gallons (3,785 L).
Advanced: Determine the magnesium concentration in the aquarium using an accurate test kit before supplementing. Shake this product well before using. Each ml of Magnesion will increase the concentration of magnesium (“[Mg2+]”) in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 26 ppm. If the initial [Mg2+] in the aquarium is below 1,288 ppm, add this product at the maximum rate of 10 ml per 20 US-gallons daily until the desired concentration is attained, then dose daily or weekly as needed (see below). Always try to maintain the [Mg2+] within a range of +/-10 ppm. To determine the dosing rate of this product once the desired [Mg2+] has been acquired, measure the daily rate of magnesium uptake (i.e. the decrease in magnesium) in your aquarium by measuring the aquarium's [Mg2+] at the same time each day over a one- to two-week period. To determine the daily dosing rate (preferable to weekly dosing) for magnesium maintenance: estimate the volume of water in the entire aquarium system; divide the daily decrease in [Mg2+] by 26; multiply this number by the volume of water in the system to get the daily dosage required (ml) to maintain a stable [Mg2+]. Daily dosing maintains a more stable [Mg2+] (and more natural environment) than dosing weekly, in which the [Mg2+] spikes just after dosing and then gradually decreases throughout the course of the week.
Price: £13.98 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Liquid Reef Additive 500ml
• Complete source of the elements and molecules that are directly used by corals, clams, and other reef-building invertebrates and organisms to create skeletal material and grow.

• Provides calcium (140,000 ppm), strontium, magnesium, and potassium in approximately the same ratios* in which they occur in aragonite.

• Very strong source of carbonates (derived from aragonite), the other important group of ions involved in aragonite formation.

• Increases alkalinity to help stabilize pH.

• Stronger than competing products.

• May be used as an inexpensive alternative to automated calcium reactor systems with similar results.

• Free of phosphate, silicate, and organic material.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Brightwell Aquatics Liquid Reef has twice the calcium relative to carbonates as compared to natural aragonite, making it a very powerful calcium source. The active components of Liquid Reef are provided by a combination of sources and include natural aragonite, increasing the solubility of the solution and the effectiveness of the method. Silicate- and phosphate-free. Examples of reef-building organisms familiar to hobbyists are: stony corals and their allies; molluscs including clams (bivalves) and snails (gastropods); tube worms that secrete calcareous burrows; and calcareous algae such as coralline, Halimeda, and Penicilus. These organisms require that the components of aragonite be in adequate concentrations if they are to thrive, regardless of how perfect the remainder of their environment is. The advantage to this method of supplementation is that one product may be used to establish and maintain water parameters conducive to reef formation. Note that target ion-specific supplementation may be called for in some aquaria, depending upon stocking density of reef-building organisms and environmental conditions within the system. Additionally, hobbyists may choose to use Liquid Reef in conjunction with other methods of calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate supplementation as a means of diversifying their dosing routine. The rate at which calcium and carbonates are extracted from the water is determined by the stocking density of reef-building livestock, type of lighting, and other conditions; therefore, each aquarium will have different requirements for the rate of supplementation.
*Aragonite composition is seen to vary slightly between regions; the specific ratios of target ions in Liquid Reef are based upon data available for aragonite originating in the Tropical Atlantic.

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic: Shake product well before using. Add 5 ml (1 capful) of product per 50 US-gallons of aquarium water every other day or as needed to maintain the calcium concentration within a range of 412 - 450 ppm. When used in this fashion, 250 ml treats up to 2,500 US-gallons (9,464 L). Liquid Reef may temporarily cloud aquarium water after addition, therefore it is recommended that the product be dosed at night.
Advanced: Determine the calcium concentration in the aquarium using an accurate test kit before supplementing. Shake this product well before each use. Liquid Reef may temporarily cloud aquarium water after addition, therefore it is recommended that the product be dosed at night. Each ml of Liquid Reef will increase the concentration of calcium (“[Ca2+]”) in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by approximately 37 ppm. If the initial [Ca2+] in the aquarium is below 412 ppm, add this product at the maximum rate of 10 ml per 30 US-gallons daily until the desired calcium concentration is attained, then dose daily or weekly as needed (see below). Always try to maintain the [Ca2+] within a range of +/-10 ppm. To determine the dosing rate of this product once the desired [Ca2+] has been acquired, measure the daily rate of calcium uptake (i.e. the decrease in calcium) in your aquarium by measuring the [Ca2+] at the same time each day over a one- to two-week period. To determine the daily dosing rate (preferable to weekly dosing) for calcium maintenance: estimate the volume of water in the entire aquarium system; divide the daily decrease in [Ca2+] by 37; multiply this number by the volume of water in the system to get the daily dosage required (ml) to maintain a stable [Ca2+]. Daily dosing maintains a more stable [Ca2+] (and more natural environment) than dosing weekly, in which the [Ca2+] spikes just after dosing and then gradually decreases throughout the course of the week.

Caution: May cause eye or skin irritation. Flush with water for 15 minutes if in eyes, seek medical attention if irritation persists. Keep out of reach of children. Not for human consumption.
Price: £18.99 (Including VAT at 17.5%)
Quantity:

Liquid Iodine 500ml
• Highly-concentrated, extended activity iodide solution.

• Provides iodide, which is important to hermatypic corals and other invertebrates harboring zooxanthellae, macroalgae, and also to the health of fishes.

• Stronger than most competing products.

• The nature of iodide sources used makes Iodion more effective than standard iodide-solutions.

• Suitable for use by aquarium hobbyists of all skill and experience levels.

• Composed of purified water and ultra-high purity materials.

• Formulated by a marine scientist.

Technical Background
Presence of iodine is vital to hermatypic invertebrates because it is used to detoxify excess oxygen produced by zooxanthellae. This oxygen irritates sensitive tissue. Corals and clams that appear to shrivel or close under intense lighting are likely attempting to shade their zooxanthellae symbionts to reduce the rate of oxygen production. Iodide essentially bonds with oxygen to form non-toxic iodate, relieving the need to shield zooxanthellae and enabling the host organism to open more fully.
The predominant form of iodine in seawater is iodide. The natural seawater concentration of all iodine species combined is approximately 0.06 ppm, classifying it as a minor element. Even in this small concentration, iodine is required for survival of fishes, crustaceans, macroalgae and kelp, and hermatypic invertebrates alike. The importance of iodine in a reef aquarium cannot be overstated. Iodine binds rapidly with latent organic material and is passively removed by aggressive protein skimming and the use of organic-adsorption products such as activated carbon and specialty resins. The combined biological and chemical depletion of iodine necessitate that its concentration be monitored and the aquarium supplemented as needed. The rate at which iodine is extracted from the water is determined by the stocking density of reef-building livestock, type of lighting, and other biological, physical, and chemical conditions. Once the rate of iodine uptake in the aquarium has been determined, the proper dosing rate of this product can be easily calculated.
All Brightwell Aquatics liquid water care supplements are made with purified water and high purity materials. We develop formulae for aquaria based on empirical data, using observation and measurement rather than theory.

Instructions and Guidelines
Basic: Shake product well before using. Add 5 ml (1 capful) of product per 50 US-gallons of aquarium water every two- to three-days or as needed to maintain the iodine concentration within a range of 0.04 - 0.06 ppm. When used in this fashion, 250 ml treats up to 2,500 US-gallons (9,464 L).
Advanced: Determine the total iodine concentration in the aquarium using an accurate test kit before supplementing. Each ml of Iodion will increase the concentration of iodine (“<Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/>”) in 1 US-gallon (3.785 L) of water by 0.625 ppm. If the initial <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/> in the aquarium is below 0.06 ppm, add this product at the maximum rate of 5 ml per 25 US-gallons daily until the desired concentration is attained, then dose daily or weekly as needed (see below). Always try to maintain the <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/> within a range of +/-0.02 ppm. To determine the dosing rate of this product once the desired <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/> has been acquired, measure the daily rate of iodine uptake (i.e. the decrease in iodine) in your aquarium by measuring the aquarium's <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/> at the same time each day over a one- to two-week period. To determine the daily dosing rate (preferable to weekly dosing) for iodine maintenance: estimate the volume of water in the entire aquarium system; divide the daily decrease in <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/> by 0.625; multiply this number by the volume of water in the system (in US-gallons) to get the daily dosage required (ml) to maintain a stable <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/>. Daily dosing maintains a more stable <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/> (and more natural environment) than dosing weekly, in which the <Actinic:Variable Name = 'I'/> spikes just after dosing and then gradually decreases throughout the course of the week. Never overdose an iodine product, as severe overdosing can harm livestock and the beneficial microbes that constitute the biological filter.
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